010-89177861

如果你想颠覆中国的殡葬生意

  财新网/旁观中国 记者 李先达

财新记者个人主页——在这里“遇见作者”李先达原财新视频字幕员兼宏观记者,现财新传媒翻译,大自然的搬运工。

王嘉鹏

财新记者个人主页——在这里“遇见作者”王嘉鹏财新网世界频道主编

| 文

  Jonathan Kaiman是《洛杉矶时报》驻亚洲记者,他采写的一则中国故事发表在了《卫报》网站的“长篇阅读”栏目(The long read)。话题有关中国人的生死,具体地说,是殡葬业的问题。

  文章很长,超过6000个英文单词。主要的故事围绕王丹和徐毅两位创业者,他们尝试在这个沉重的行业里做出新局面——不过他们离真正成功还有很远。

  相比于把整个故事都转述出来,我们决定挑选这篇长文里对中国殡葬行业的描写,供大家鉴赏。

  根据王丹的自述,原本在互联网公司工作的他在2012年接触到了这个行业。因为患癌的母亲病重,想要为后事做些准备的他来到北京一条专营殡葬用品的街道,走进了一家灯光昏暗、布满灰尘的小店:

  这位店主有着深棕色的凌乱的钢丝球样的头发,浓重的口音。他粗略地问了王丹几个问题,而后便要付约合300英镑的押金。“这钱是做什么的?”王丹问,店主笑着露出了一嘴黄牙,回复说:“你给我钱就行,我会把所有的都安排好。”

  The shopkeeper had a deep tan, a tuft of Brillo-like hair and a thick, unplaceable accent.He asked Wang a few cursory questions, and then demanded a £300 deposit. “What’s the money for?” Wang asked. The man smiled, revealing a mouth full of yellow teeth. “You just give me the money, and I’ll take care of everything,” he replied…

  在王丹自己的记忆里,店主看他的眼神“就像看着一块肉”。而街上的其他店也让他同样不舒服。不久之后,他就和朋友徐毅决定,要在这个行业里做点不一样的生意。首先两人要调研一下中国国内的殡葬业现状:

  他们发现,北京每年有约10万人去世,这个数字还在迅速升高。在未来15年里,中国的老龄人口可能增加1亿。老人们的孩子们——计划生育政策下成长起来的白领们——有更多的钱可以支配,而且会把钱花在葬礼上:骨灰盒、花圈、看风水、好的墓地里更吉利的位置。老人这么多,年轻人相对越来越少,这样的人口萧条对中国经济有可能是灾难性的,但对一些人却意味着巨大的利润——比如北京的太平间、墓园和3000多家殡葬用品店。这些殡葬用品店大多都像王丹遭遇过的那几家一样,古怪而令人不安。

  In Beijing, they learned, nearly 100,000 people die each year, and the number is rising rapidly. In the next 15 years, China’s elderly population will probably grow by 100 million. Their children – the expanding cohort of white-collar professionals, who were born under the one-child policy – have never had more money to spend, and one way they’re spending it is on funerals: cremation boxes, wreaths, feng shui assessments, auspicious plots in reputable cemeteries. The demographic crunch – so many old people, comparatively few young people – could be cataclysmic for China’s economy, but it will spell potentially huge profits for Beijing’s mortuaries, cemeteries, and 3,000 or so funeral goods stores, most of them as strange and disquieting as the shops Wang encountered beneath the elevated rail line.

  当一个人去世的时候,医院里的助手们会像卖纪念品的市场摊贩一样缠着逝者亲属。他们展开竞争,看谁能引导悲痛的亲属到某个私人开的小店购买葬礼用品——寿衣、鲜花、骨灰盒或是骨灰坛。店主会给这些人一笔分成。接着往下的流程里也都有回扣存在,遗体好像成了一种货币:太平间的主管们先从救护车司机那里买走,火葬场经理们随后向太平间主管购买,公墓的经营者再从火葬场那里买下。

  When a person dies, hospital aides harass the bereaved like souvenir sellers at a market. They compete over who will guide the grieving relative to a small, privately owned shop to buy funeral supplies – shrouds, flowers, cremation boxes and urns. Then, the shop owner gives them a cut of the sales. Kickbacks continue down the line, and bodies become a kind of currency. Mortuary directors buy them from ambulance drivers. Crematorium managers buy them from mortuary directors. Cemetery managers buy them from crematoriums.

  除了两位创业者的描述,文章也引用其他来源说明中国殡葬业的情况:

  根据《新京报》的报道,这座城市的居民平均为葬礼花费8万元人民币,约合8300英镑。这比很多人的整年收入还要多……从2003年到2012年,在墓园土地稀缺的情况下,一些精选墓园的价格涨到了原来的15倍,合35000英镑(34万元人民币)一平米。

  According to the Beijing News, the city’s residents spend an average of 80,000 yuan per burial – about £8,300, which is more than many citizens earn in a year…From 2003 to 2012, as cemetery real estate dwindled, grave prices in Beijing rose 15-fold…in some choice graveyards, to £35,000 per square metre.

  市场研究机构Euromonitor在2013年报告称,中国的殡葬行业实现了17%的增长。

  In 2013, the market research firm Euromonitor reported that China’s death industry was growing by 17% a year.

  文章还写道,子女斥巨资办葬礼,为家中老人极尽哀荣,这样的场面近年来也曾频繁出现在中国媒体上。

  这篇文章甚至还详细描述了在八宝山进行的一场普通葬礼——王徐二人的公司派员工跟逝者家属一起参加仪式,从中学习经验教训。王丹自己也曾经多次去观察,以至于有个困惑的保安专门问他,家里到底有多少人去世了。

  探明了市场,王徐二人也要明白自己创业面临的限制:

  作为民营企业,他们不能成为传统意义上的殡葬业者。他们不能保存、火化、埋葬遗体,或对遗体进行美容。他们也不能开办火葬场、太平间或墓地——但是可以开办殡葬服务店,差不多就是王丹第一次接触殡葬业时遇到的那些。

  As private sector entrepreneurs, they could not become undertakers in the traditional sense. They couldn’t embalm, cremate, bury or apply makeup to the recently deceased. They couldn’t open a crematorium, a morgue or a cemetery – but they could open a funeral service shop, not unlike the ones Wang encountered in his first brush with the death industry.

  按照文章所写,王徐二人的创业选择是:在商品供应方面直接去找殡葬用品的生产商,绕过行业内弯弯绕的中间环节;而在销售方面,他们一方面经营实体店,用明亮整洁代替其他店的灰暗风格,另一方面则进行网络销售,更适应年轻顾客的习惯。然而电商尝试遇到了一个特殊的麻烦:

  2013年4月的一个晚上,王丹把一个订购的骨灰盒送到北京城南一位中年女性的家中。女人穿着睡衣打开了门。“有什么事?”她问道。王丹把骨灰盒递给她,她顿时惊慌失措。她家里并没有人去世。这是个恶作剧,还是一个警告?王丹目瞪口呆,花了20分钟试着让女人冷静下来。“我丈夫不在家算你运气好,”她告诉王丹,“不然他肯定会把你打出去。”

  One night in April 2013, he delivered a cremation box to a middle-aged woman in southern Beijing. She answered the door in a nightgown. “What do you want?” she asked. Wang handed her the cremation box, and she panicked. Nobody in her family had died. Was this a prank? Was it a warning? Wang was dumbstruck; he spent 20 minutes trying to calm her down. “You’re lucky my husband wasn’t home,” she told him. “He would’ve knocked you out.”

  文章讲述的王徐二人创业故事还有很长。企业初步发展之后,他们如何面对家人的不理解,如何拿到投资人的第一笔投资,又在之后的经营和融资中遇到挫折,如何在国内外参加殡葬话题的讨论并获得关注。

  了解完中国殡葬业和两名创业者的方方面面,记者Jonathan Kaiman得出的结论是:

  我意识到,他们已经不再努力去颠覆中国的殡葬业了——这个行业是不会让步的。在这个各种传统被杂糅的灰色商贸市场中,他们找到了一个位置。

  I realised that they no longer strove to disrupt China’s funeral industry – that the industry would not yield – and that amid its pastiche of tradition and grey-market commerce, they had found a home.